Safevîler

The Safavids (Safevi State) were a dynasty that ruled Iran from the early 16th century and directly influenced the Kurdish history of its struggle with the Ottoman State; knowledge of Kurds and Kurdistan in Ottoman sources increased, especially after the Iranian campaign of Selim I (Yavuz) against the Safavi State (Volume 4, p. 19). ## In the Shah Ismail and the Muslim dynasties of Kurdistan, it is recorded that during the reign of Shah Ismail-i Safevi, who was the viceroy of Kurdish rule, he also took control of Mosul and appointed Ahmed Bey from his own orders here (Volume 4, p. 258). As a result of Selim's decisive victory in the Ottoman conquest of Kurdistan, Mosul became part of the Ottomans state through the efforts of Bedir Bey of Kurdish lords and Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha (Volume 4, s. 258). Idris-i Bitlisi, an important name in the Kurdish history, was sent to the Ottoman State to escape Shah Ismail-i Safevi, and served in the transition of Diyarbekir, Mosul and Kurdistan to Ottoman rule during the time of Sultan Selim (Volume 4, p. 106). Zekî Beg also records the people's dimension of this transformation: after Chaldıran, the population of Diyarbekir expelled the governor of Kurdistan appointed by Shah Ismail, Muhammad Khan ibn Ustaclu, and presented their allegiance to the Ottoman State. The archival records of Topkapı Palace also contain correspondence between the Kurdish lords of Idris-i Bitlisi and the central administration, which was an important factor in the Ottoman rule. Sources describing the Kanuni period mention the taking of castles under the rule of Kurdish princes, such as some of the Emirates of Egyll and Jizre, who supported the Red chiefs on the route of the expedition; in return, Diyarbakir and the surrounding Kurdish emirates pledged allegiance to the Ottoman State in the expeditions, were summoned with the troops of Kurdistan lords to conquer Baghdad, and the Emir of Harran, Sohrab, joined the Ottomans (Volume 4, p. 32). Lütfi Pasha's Tevârih-i Al-i Osman also gives information about developments on the Ottoman border, while Kanuni's struggle with Shah Tahmasb is described (Volume 4, p. 31). The position of the Kurdish lords in this struggle was not one-sided: in the 1632 Kânûn-Nâme-i Sultânî Li-Azîz Efendi, it is noted that Kurdish orders followed a balancing policy between Ottoman-Iranian to protect their own assets and that this policy saw a set of tasks for both Ottoman and Iranian (Volumes 4, p.42). In travel sources, it is also reported that the Mahmudis of Kurdistan entered Ottoman rule during the Kanuni period when they were formerly in the service of the Safevi State. The Naima History of Mustafa Naima Efendi, the first Ottoman viceroy, contains information about the assistance of the Kurdish tribes in suppressing the persecution and confusion in the region, as well as information about support of the Ottoman-Safevi conflicts in the area (Volume 4, p. 44). After the fall of the Safavids, areas such as Meshet, Horasan, Iraq, and Kurdistan became a center of power struggle by the Zendler, Afsar and other local forces after the fall.