ENCYCLOPEDIA
Explore the topics of Kurdish history from A to Z; every entry is drawn from primary sources.
Mahmud Berzenci (also spelled Mahmud Mahmud) was a Kurdish leader who led the process of the formation of the Kurdish Government in Sulaymaniyah at the end of W…
Mahmudi (Mahmudiye) is a Kurdish sanjak and later an administrative unit organized as a kaza, located in the Van region, around Hakkâri, during the Ottoman period; its administration...
Al-Maqdisī (al-Muqaddasī; full name Shams al-Dīn Abū Abdillāh Muhammad; d. circa 390 AH / 1000 CE) is considered one of the greatest representatives of classical Islamic geographical literature...
Al-Maqrīzī (Abū Muhammad Taqī al-Dīn Ahmad b. Alī b. Abd al-Qādir b. Muhammad al-Maqrīzī) is one of the most important historians of Mamluk era Egypt. In 766 AH / 1364 CE, Ka...
Malatya is located on the western border of the geography inhabited by Kurds, and is mentioned in historical sources, both in Islamic era geographical literature and in Ottoman archival records...
Malazgirt (Malazgird) is a historical settlement in the Mus region, dating back to the Seljuk-Byzantine War of 1071, which was one of the turning points in the …
Maraş was organized during the Ottoman period as both an independent ahkam eyalet and a sanjak affiliated with the Aleppo eyalet, and where Kurdish tribes were highly active...
Mardastan is a historical region mentioned in ancient and late ancient sources as part of the geography of Armenia, located around Lake Van. Its name, in the region...
The Mardians (Mards / Amardians) are a p... associated with Kurds in ancient and classical sources, distinguished by their warrior spirit and lifestyle tied to mountainous geography.
Mardin is a historical city and settlement center located in the al-Jazira region of Upper Mesopotamia. In Islamic era geographical sources, the northern part of Jazira...
The Medes are one of the ancient Near Eastern peoples mentioned in primary sources from the pre-Islamic period, and whose relationship with Kurds is debated; in ancient sources, the Media region...
The Mamluks (Memluks) are the state that ruled Egypt and Bilad in Damascus after the Ayyubid dynasty; after the death of the last Ayyubit sultan, al-Salih Necme…
Marwan (Marwan b. Kak) is the person who gave his name to the Marwanid dynasty (Marwanoghulları), which ruled in Northern Mesopotamia between 983 and 1085. Originally from Siirt and Made...
The Marwanids (Banu Marwan/Marwanoghulları, Al-i Marwan) are a dynasty that ruled in Northern Mesopotamia between 983 and 1085; in sources, "al-Marwaniyya Mulū"...
Mas'udi (d. 345 AH / 956 CE) is one of the most important historians and geographers of the early Islamic period. The origin of the Kurds, their tribes, settlement areas, and religious-sectarian identi...
Mayyafariqin is a historical city located in the Diyarbekir region of Upper Mesopotamia. It became the capital of the Marwanid dynasty in the Middle Ages, and the surrounding Amid and Ci...
Mesopotamia is the name of the historical region extending between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, and is one of the main geographical scenes of Kurdish history, extending from antiquity to the Ottoman period...
Milli is frequently mentioned in Ottoman archival documents and classical sources, whose area of life and activity, primarily around Diyarbekir and Mardin, including Upper...
Moses Khorenatsi (Moses of Khorene; Moses Chorenensis in Western literature), whose exact dating of his period of life is debated, is traditionally placed in the 5th century...
The Mongols were a power that deeply shook the Kurdish geography, its cities, and its political order with their invasions directed towards the Near East in the 13th century. The effects of the invasion both d…
Mumehhiduddevle (Abu Mansur Said b. Marwan) is one of the rulers of the Marwanid dynasty, centered in Mayyafariqin. ## Establishment of the Dynasty The actual founder of the state…
Mosul, located in Upper Mesopotamia, in the Tigris basin, is a historical city that was one of the region's main centers of politics, trade, and science throughout the Middle Ages…
Muş, located in the north of historical Kurdistan geography, in the same regional basin as Bitlis and Ahlat, and an administrative unit (nahiye/sancak) in Ottoman archival sources…
Müneccimbaşı (Ahmed Dede Efendi) is an Ottoman scholar and historian who lived in the 17th century. He took his name from the position of chief astrologer (müneccimbaşı) he held for many years in the Ottoman palace…
Egypt, located in North Africa, is a region that held a central position in the Islamic period of Kurdish history —especially during and after the Ayyubid period. Both politically…