Kürtçe

Kurdish is the language spoken by Kurds and is a spoken language in the sources as well as an application framework explaining the origin of place, family and institution names. One of the earliest records of the diversity and internal diversity of the original language belongs to Mes'uddi, according to whom each Kurdish tribe speaks a different Kurdish language (Volume 1, p. 96). The same passage also centers on language change in narratives about the origins of the Kurds: Kurds retreated to the mountains and valleys in ancient times and abandoned their languages when they came to neighbouring cities inhabited by the Azim and Persians, and their languages became foreign (Acem) languages; another narrative suggests that they replaced Arabic with the language of neighboring peoples (Volume 1, p. 96). In a late Ottoman source, the Kurds are considered to be of the Ari tribe; many words appear to have been borrowed from the Assyrian and Celtic languages in their language, but there are also traces in the Pehlevi language (Volume 4, p. 111). ## Polish Records contain records of Kurdish-Zazacan relations in Ottoman translations: The Youth Sanction states that the family spoke "Zaza and Armenian, who are fluent in Kurdish and Kurdish", while the Kulp Accident records refer to Zazaca as "Faris from Muharref"; this difference indicates that the language definitions of the teams preparing the translation have changed (Volume 4, p. 265). In an article published in the Ottoman press, the answers to the interviews with the Karacadağ tribes were recorded in Kurdish and given in Turkish translations; in these dialogues the name "Kurmancî" was used in the actual speech examples (Volume 4, p. 222). According to the Aleppo Salnamesi, some tribes speak Kurdish on the flags of Aleppo, Urfa and Maraş; while in the accidents of Akre, Duhok, Imadye and Zaho, which are linked to Mosul, the majority of the population is Kurdish and the local language is Kurdch (Volume 4, p. 264). ## Kurdish Kurdish words in the Roots of places and names are also used to unravel the origin of place and institution names: while names such as Bargirî's Kurdish occur in geographical sources (Volume 1, s. 70), it is reported that the name Siirt is based on a Kurdish origin (Volumes 2, s. 101). 141); it is recorded in a report of the Governor of Mosul in which the title "Ağayê Sor" was used for tribal leadership in Kurdish (Volume 3, p. 120). Written Sources and the Ottoman Archives Historically, the lack of books and sources written in Kurdish relating to these early periods has given special importance to sources in other languages (Volume 2, p. 115). The Ottoman archives are documents from the period when Kurdish became a printed language: one side Arabic and the other Kurdish, the distribution of a dictionary book called "El-Hediyetü'l-Hamidiye fi Lügati'l -Kürdiye" to libraries and schools came on the agenda, one side Turkish and another Kurdish scholars printed, and the Ekrad newspaper, Marifet and İttihad, published in Turkish and Kurdish (Volume 3, p. 76). During the same period, Kurdish publications were subject to censorship; Kurdish lectures and books were banned without authorization; a Bitlis Governor requested measures to prevent the entry of "Kurdish varaka-i mel'unane" into the home (Volume 3, p. 75; Volume 3, s. 76).